C.C
Cement Concrete
P.C.C
Plain Cement Concrete
R.C.C
Reinforced Cement Concrete
AASHTO
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ASTM
American Society for Testing and materials
P.E.C
Pakistan Engineering Council
B.S
British Standard
ACI
American Concrete Institute
S.F.D
Shear Force Diagram
B.M.D
Bending Moment Diagram
N.G.L
Natural Ground Level
P.L
Plinth Level
L.L
Lintel Level
As
Area of Steel
U.D.L
Uniformly Distributed Load
V.D.L
Variably Distributed Load
Q.S
Quantity...
Saturday, 29 September 2012
FIELDS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING:
Structural EngineeringTransportation EngineeringSurveyingMarine EngineeringConstruction ManagementEnvironmental EngineeringHighway Engineering
Geotechnical Engineerin...
Relation Between Engineering Economics and Civil Engineering:
Relation Between Engineering Economics and Civil Engineering:
1. In past there was no concept of resource limitations. Cost factor was over looked and large palaces, tombs, monuments were built.
2. Now there is general economic decline, for example in Dubai, U.S.A, Pakistan and all over the world.
3. When resources shrink, it is necessary to control expenses or spend very carefully.
4. To use resources properly it...
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